Special Issue Editorial: Basal Ganglia/Movement Disorders

This Special Issue of the European Journal Neuroscience (EJN) is dedicated to original papers and reviews that arose from presentations given during 13th Meeting International Basal Ganglia Society (IBAGS) held in Biarritz, France spring 2019. The meeting was organized by Thomas Boraud his team, with over 200 people attending. It consisted nine oral three poster sessions spread 5 days. started a clinical session which Peter Brown (Oxford, UK) David Devos (Lille, France) discussed advances deep brain stimulation other therapeutic strategies Parkinson's disease (PD). followed an EJN Publishing workshop led Paul Bolam (past co-editor-in-chief EJN) Opening Lecture Hagai Bergman (Jerusalem, Israel). triennial promotes interactions between basic scientists field basal ganglia related disorders ultimate goal sharing new ideas challenging current, old hypotheses about functions dysfunctions. consists 24 articles, 7 are 17 research reports. All have gone through full peer review revision before being accepted for publication Issue. articles reflect diversity breadth at meeting. presentation starts manuscripts dealing anatomy function microcircuits studies using electrophysiology computational approaches understand physiology pathophysiology circuits normal diseased states. concludes series network changes associated PD movement disorders. In first two studies, immuno-electron microscopy used examine neuroplastic synaptic networks relevant ganglia-thalamocortical circuitry PD. Albaugh colleagues demonstrate GABAergic interneurons primate ventral motor thalamus receive strong glutamatergic inputs cerebellar nuclei cerebral cortex. They also show overall pattern density innervation this primate-specific subtype thalamic cells not altered MPTP-treated parkinsonian monkeys (Albaugh et al., 2020), concluding key elements functional primates. second paper, Moore suggest nigrostriatal dopamine loss has differential effect on release glutamate vesicular receptor 2 (vGluT2)-containing terminals contact versus dopaminergic neurons substantia nigra mice (Moore 2020). These focused regulation cholinergic striatal interneurons. Ashkenazi al. examined whether contribute competition motivated stereotypic behaviours rats. authors selective lesion dorsolateral striatum increases behaviour, while such nucleus accumbens sensitivity motivation, thereby suggesting central role regulating motivational impact striatal-mediated (Ashkenazi their review, Martel Apicella (2020) discuss interplay system regulates temporal processing striatum. Tubert Murer describes alterations interneuron may hyper-cholinergic state (Tubert & Murer, Two additional projection modelling. Lindroos Kotaleski biophysically detailed models predict concurrent high intrastriatal acetylcholine levels lead development complex spiking patterns neurons. another study same modelling reciprocal low-threshold (LTS) modelled connections capture experimental evidence physiological neuronal populations, mimic findings muscarinic (M4) nitric oxide modulation LTS respectively (Frost Nylen next focus parvalbumin-containing, fast-spiking, Using calcium imaging ex vivo slices, Duhne activation these sequences activity ensembles mouse (Duhne Perk (2019), study, reward-related responses fast-spiking parvalbumin-containing reward-driven behaviour genetically hypertensive (GH) strain hyperactive single unit local potential (LFP) recording healthy patients. Wongmassang multi-unit demonstrated most movement-related pallidal do exhibit correlated task performance behaving monkeys, play only minor individuals (Wongmassang following article, Deffains al provide preliminary Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated Drugs (DREADDS) technology can be effectively nonhuman primates recordings clozapine-N-Oxide (CNO)-induced electrophysiological hM4Di DREADD-transduced external globus pallidus rhesus (Deffains Although increased beta band oscillations considered cardinal pathophysiological feature PD, knowledge underlying substrate pathological specific states remains poorly understood. To further address issue, Belova LFP signals subthalamic patients different rest body parts. showed aperiodic 1/f broadband component spectra provides meaningful information excitatory/inhibitory projections ratio sites, slope useful state-dependent measure (Belova group emphasizes importance as mainstream estimation spectral features together periodic cervical dystonia (Semenova last paper disorders, Al-Ozzi oscillatory activities modulated visual choice preference undergo DBS surgery. Their cognitive (Al-Ozzi use affect critical advance our understanding efficacy therapeutics. comprehensive Rubin raise important point corticostriatal plasticity algorithms been generated cannot applied model cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic (CBGT) because does know synapses must reinforced favour previously rewarding actions. overcome problem, biologically realistic CBGT circuit how learn select optimal targets relearn action-outcome contingencies when environment (Rubin subsequent Girard present collected constrained neural predicts overlapping pathways involved action selection, highlighting relevance decision-making (Girard ends Fred H. Hamker. manuscript, Maith results model-based analysis inferred resting-state fMRI. highly reliable firing rate consistent those reported previous its PD-related therapies. article series, Goenner proposes (so-called “pause-then-cancel” model) dynamics stopping arkypallidal pallidus. Based evidence, premise induces stimulus-unspecific pause signal stop-cue-specific cancel innervated cells. model, propose mainly participate preferential inhibition indirect pathway (Goenner effects or non-motor Stefani critically strengths shortcomings 6-OHDA-treated rodent refinement, mechanisms treat human (Stefani Klarendic Kaski they application diseases explore distinct locations interfere eye oculomotor motility (Klarendic Kaski, STN significant benefits signs, it sometimes result unwanted psychiatric side dampen attempt furthering substrates effects, Breysse zona incerta opposite risk-taking findings, neighbouring regions risky induce impulsivity poor surgery (Breysse relate Halperin literature self-motion perception multisensory integration dysfunction implicated visual, vestibular somatosensory better essential efficient therapies debilitating gait balance problems (Halperin work Sedov tested hypothesis focal dystonia, affects parts, widespread substrate. Through underwent lesions internal pallidus, conclude drive both neck hand movements affected dystonia. feedback dependence movement-sensitive significantly impaired feedback-dependent properties dystonias (Sedov Castella Hernandez L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Articles presented highlight some areas interest currently explored. We hope you find interesting informative look forward seeing IBAGS New Zealand. history available https://publons.com/publon/10.1111/ejn.15204.